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Th«  copy  filmtd  h«r«  has  b««n  r«produc«d  thanks 
to  tha  ganarotity  of: 

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Tha  imcgaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  batt  quality 
poMlbIa  conaidaring  tha  condition  and  lagibllity 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  apocif icationa. 


L'axamplaira  film4  fut  raproduit  grlna  k  la 
g4n4rositi  da: 

Division  des  manuscrits, 
Archives,  nationales  du  Canada 

* 

Laa  imagaa  sulvantaa  ont  4ti  raproclultas  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin.  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattatA  da  l'axamplaira  filmi,  at  un 
conformft*  avac  laa  conditiona  du  contrat  da 
fllmage. 


32  X 


Original  copiaa  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  fllmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impraa- 
aion.  or  tha  back  coyar  whan  appropriata.  All 
other  original  copiaa  ara  fllmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  Illustratad  Impraa- 
aion.  and  anding  on  tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad 
or  iliuatratad  Impraaaion. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microflcha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  —»'  (moaning  "CON- 
TINUED"!, or  tha  symbol  ▼  (moaning  "END"), 
whichavar  appiiaa. 

Mapa.  plataa.  charts,  ate.  may  ba  filmad  at 
diffarant  raduction  ratioa.  Thosa  too  larga  to  bo 
antiraly  includad  in  ona  axposura  ara  filmad 
bagip.ning  in  tha  uppar  laft  hand  eornar,  laft  to 
rigKc  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  framas  as 
raquirad.  Tha  following  diagrama  iilustrata  tha 
mathod: 


1  2  3 


Laa  axamplairas  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  •» 
papiar  aat  imprimia  sont  fiim4s  an  commandant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  9n  tarmlnant  soit  par  la 
darniira  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'Imprsssion  ou  d'iliustration.  soit  par  la  sacond 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  las  autras  axamplairas 
originaux  sont  film  As  9n  comman9ant  par  la 
pramiira  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
dimprassion  ou  d'illustrstion  at  9n  tarminant  par 
la  darhlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  tails 
amprainta. 

\in  daa  symbolas  suivants  spparaTtra  sur  la 
damlAra  imaga  da  chaqua  microflcha.  salon  la 
cas:  la  symbols  -^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  la 
symbols  ▼  signifia  "FIN". 

Laa  cartaa.  planchas,  tsblesux.  ate.  peuvant  Atra 
filmte  A  daa  taux  da  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsqua  la  documant  ost  trop  grand  pour  Atra 
raproduit  mn  un  saui  clichA.  il  ast  film*  A  partir 
da  I'angla  supAriaur  gaucha,  da  gaucha  i  droita. 
at  da  haut  ^n  bas.  •n  prenant  la  nombra 
d'imagaa  nicassaira.  Las  diagrammas  suivsnts 
illustrant  la  mAthoda. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

3Trii  C...\.;i!Kss.  )     ffOUSK    OF    KKPRESKXTATIVKS.      (  Rki-ort 


OAHDUK  DEFENCES  OX  (JlfEAT  LAKES  AXD  RIVERS 


KEtiHiAiiv  12,  lf*(;2.-l.ii.l  on  til.'  table,  ami  ordered  to  I,o 


pi  ill U- 


Mr.  Ahn-i.i.d.  iVuia  thr  select  ccinmittee  on  doCciKv ..f  trroat  lakes  and 

rivers,  mailc  the  lolldwiun- 


The  conmt'ttlec  In  trhiv/i 


U   11. 


«.v  rr/'cr.s  to  the  (h/envcn  ami  /ort{/i<vti 


RE  PORT. 

•a.s  re/'errril  .som>'v/,q/'  the  PresuhnWs  message 


anil  to  idiie/i  also  tvere  n/'et'red 


'ons  of  (he  f/reat  kihn  and 


)iiorlals  OH   (his   s)ihjee(,' havimj   hn<l   (h 
"spext/tilhj  siilimU  (hefolhnciiHj  ,rjH,,-( 


var'mis  resohidons.  pdilions,  and 


sa)ne  nmler   considerate 


rivers. 


me 


on. 


^  The  line  between  the  United  States  and  the  l]ritisl 


X'orth  Amor 


iea,  runiiin"-  from  tl 


and  extondiiio;  west  throuy,-li  tl 


;idf  of  St.  Lawrei 


1  possessions  in 
th 


Lake  Ontario,  X'i 


uiu  j;iiii  oi  .■^t.  ijawrenee  on  tiie  east 
le  river  St.  Lawrence,  thence  throuirl 


the  }>roat  lakes,  to  and   I 


i;;ara  river,  Lake  Erie,  and  th 


enee  westorlv.tl 


boundary  line,  running-  through  tl 


eyond  the  fn)ntier  settlement 


irouji-h 


s,  presents  a 


than  three  ti 


lousand  mdes  m  extent. 


kese  great  lakes  and  rivers,  of 


more 


The  feeling  of  good  neighborhood,  of 


of  mutual  good  Avill,  had  b 


reciprocity  of  interests,  and 


Hiice.  had  continued 


een  growing  up,  and,  with  slight  di.sturb- 


•since  the  clo.se  of  the  war  of  1812.  '  1 


half  a  century  wo  have  regarded  our  Canadian  neighbv..  a.  u,m 
triends,   with  M-honi  we  desired   to  establish   the   kin.lest  and 


ors  as  our 


intimate  busin 


commercial,   and  social    relations.     In   tl 


lines  ot  railway  and  water  communication  between  tl 
combinations  and  connexions  1 


'or  nearly 

good 

most 

great 


le 


lie  east  aiid  Avcst. 


.  -lavo  been  established  of  mutual  ad 

tage.     A  treatyof  recij)rocity  has  been  entered  into.     Some  of 
great  thoroughfares  of  trade  and  travel  have  not  avoided  the  C 


van- 


<lian  t 


erritorv,  all  indicatin 


division  line^ 


aiK 


1  to  1 


I  wdlingiiess  to  break  down  or  d 


c  ot  our 


ana- 


ivo  on  terms  of  mutual  good  will.     During  th 


period  the  ^^w  scattered  and  imperfect  def. ,.„..,  .,„u  , 

tions  wliich_  had   been  constructed  on    the  frontier  had  fall 


sreii-ard 


ensive  works  and  fortifica- 


decav,  and  i 


forts  had  beei 


n  some  instances  the  militarv  reservat 


We 

that 


1  converted  into  station 


en   into 
ions  around  our  old 


Wl' 


id  come  to  regard  it  as  scarcelv  within  tl 


rounds  and  depots  of  railwav,- 


should 


neglect  of  the  me 


•0  to  war  with  our  neiiihl 


le  range  of  possibility 


lorover  tin?  line.      This 


increased  the  danger  and  liability  of 


ins  of   defence   recent  events  have  indicated  1 


verv 


las 


^var  ;  so  that  it  seems  that  tl 


best  security  t..r  peace  is  to  be  prepared  for  war.     The   defe 


le 


nee  0 


4 

2  HAUllOU    DKFENTKS    ON    LAKKS    AND    RIVERS. 

the  Ki-eat  lakes  iiiid  imvlm-h,  thercfi)rc,  is  sugK'estcd  by  the  President  to 
the  coiisideriitioii  of  Coiij:;ress  as  a  measure  likely  to  promote  poiicetul 
relations  between  the  two  nations.  As  such,  and  with  the  sincere 
desire  tliat  notliinj^'  niav  .  >'r  disturb  the  peaceful  relations  so  happdy 
heretofore  existing,  and  so  important  to  the  growth  and  development  ^ 
of  both  countries,  we  urge  defensive  measures  on  the  consideration 
of  Congress.  The  rapid  advance  in  the  prosperity  of  the  British 
i.rovinces,  and  more  especially  of  the  Unit.-d  States,  since  the  close 
of  the  Avar  of  1812,  furnishes  a  striking  illustration  of  the  blessings 
of  peace.  The  pojiulation  of  the  United  States  in  1815  was  8,G38, 131 ; 
in  18G0  it  was  31,148,571.  The  States  of  Indiana,  Missouri,  Illinois, 
Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Towa,  Minnesota,  and  Kansas,  have  been  ad- 
mitted into  the  Union  since  that  period,  and  in  the  following  order  : 

Indiana  in  1^1^ 

Illinois  in 1^  J^ 

Missouri  in l*^^]; 

Michigan  in ^^Vc 

Wisconsin  in ^'^■*8 

Iowa  in ^^f^ 

Minnesota  in 1*^"^^ 

Kansas  in 1*^^" 

The  northwestern  States  to-day  have  a  population  of  9,073,055. 
The  northwest  has  sprung  into  existence,  and  developed  the  pro- 
ductions of  an  empire  since  the  close  of  the  war  of  1812. 

It  mf  V  not  be  improper  to  take  a  brief  survey  of  the  growth  ana 
present  condition  of  the  northwest,  and  its  commerce,  to  show  the 
value  and  importance  of  the  interests  we  are  now  about  to  ask  the 
government  to  defend.  Before  doingso,  however,  a  brief  descnp- 
tion  of  the  lakes  may  not  be  uninteresting. 

Nearly  midland  of  the  North  American  continent  there  extends  a 
vast  chain  of  lakes  and  rivers,  three  thousand  miles  in  extent,  con- 
nected on  the  east,  by  the  St.  Lawrence,  with  the  Atlantic,  and  Na- 
ture has  provided  that  these  vast  highways  of  commerce  may  bo 
connected  by  a  ship  canal  across  a  narrow  portage,  with  the  Missis- 
sippi river  and  its  tributaries  on  the  southwest. 

Lake  Superior  is  a  vast  inland  sea  of  32,000  square  mdes,  and 
2,000  miles  of  coast,  420  miles  long  by  160  broad. 

Lake  Michigan,  with  22,000  square  miles  of  surface,  1,200  miles 
of  coast,  320  miles  long  by  82  wide.  „  ,  «^     ., 

Lake  Huron,  with  24,000  square  miles  of  surface,  2,000  miles  ot 
coast,  200  miles  long  by  110  broad. 

Here  we  have  three  great  seas  of  near  80,000  square  miles  ot  sur- 
face, and  5,000  miles  of  coast.  ,  t  i  c^ 
These  bodies  of  water  find  an  outlet  through  the  river  and  Lake  St, 
Clair  and  the  magnificent  straits  of  Detroit  into  Lake  Erie,  90  miles 
from  Lake  Huron.  Lake  Erie,  250  miles  long  and  60  broad,  dis- 
charges its  waters  down  the  Falls  of  Niagara  into  Lake  Ontario,  180 
miles  long  and  60  broad,  and  thence  the  waters  of  these  great  lakes 
find  their  way  to  the  ocean  through  the  St.  Lawrence. 


HAKHOH    DEFKXCES    OX    LAKHS    AMt    KMVKRS. 


3 


It  is  ii  vorv  rumiirkiible  fiict  that  the  portage  betweoii  these  great 
lakes,  and  those  streams  which  liiid  an  nuth't  in  the  Gulf  of  ^fcxico, 
is  not  more  than  eight  to  twelve  leet  above  the  level  of  Lake  .Mirlii- 
gan,  and  witiiin  ten  mih's  of  Chicago.  The  Chicago  river,  rniniiiig 
into  Lake  Michigan,  and  the  l>esj)lane  river,  finding  its  w-.^y  into  the 
Missisrtijipi  through  tiie  Illinois,  are  within  a  stone's  throw  of  each 
other,  and,  indeed,  in  high  water,  the  Desplane  linds  an  outlet  into 
Lake  Michigan,  so  that  small  boats  pass  directly  from  ijake  .Michigan 
into  the  Desplane.  This  ])ortagc  between  Lake  Miciiigaii  and  the 
navigable  \\aters  of  the  Illinois  river  has  been  cut  through  by  the 
Illinois  and  Michigan  canal,  and  needs  but  widening  and  deepening 
to  open  a  shij)  channel  from  the  Mississippi  to  the  lakes,  (he  most  iiu- 
jnrtant  loorl;  for  cifhcr  military  or  <vmmercicd  purposes  yet  sinjije.stiil  on 
tliis  continent.  This  frontier  line,  from  the  west  end  of  Lake  Superior 
to  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  over  three  thousad  miles  in  extent. 

The  committee  now  ask  attention  to  the  (jrmcth  of  the  northwest  ami 
its  present  commercial  itnportance. 

The  shores  of  these  great  lakes  where  now  swarm  the  busy  popu- 
lations of  tlie  most  active  and  enterprising  people  perhaps  in  the 
world,  were,  at  the  period  of  the  war  of  1812,  coTered  with  dark  and 
gloomy  forests  filled  with  hostile  savages.  Here  ranged  the  great 
Indian  warrior  Tecumseh,  and  on  the  shores  of  these  waters  he  made 
the  last,  desperate  struggle  for  the  hunting  grounds  of  his  race,  now 
80  rich  in  .igriculture,  trade,  and  commerce. 

The  following  table  shows  the  growth  in  population  of  the  north- 
west since  1812  : 


"Sj 


IIAHIIOK    DKKKNfT.S    ON    LAKKS    AND    KJVEKS 

~  c-:  ^  —  '■■:  ^  ''•-  -^  ">'  \h.  *' 
1.-  '-:  r.  :•  t^ /:  c  c   :'?  <- 


Q     /:  c  c  -M  —  *  '■:  I-  ■^•   ';£  = 
§     -T  rr  .-  y  . r  i-  I-  <-   =  .^ 

y        —  Tt  n  —  ('  t-  *-  -  —    —  ■■'^ 


o  -  -c  -  =  -  r  ""  i" 
X  :•:  T  s  -r  -X  r:  ri  o 

X  c. 

1 

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X 


X 


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IIAKIIOK    ])KFKNCP:s    O.N    LAKICS    AND    IJIVERS. 


5 


Tiihh:  s//oici/i!(  Ihv  pojiiilatioH  of  ihv  foUowiiiii  r'll'iis  (uiil  l<iini\  f'liiin  IS^O  /„ 

ISGO,  iiii]ii,sirc. 


Citicn  iiiul  fowiiH. 


1820. 


0!),'j 


1830. 


i,  7o;{ 

9,  2G9 


Ortwcf^o,  N.  Y 

Itoclifstcr,  X.  V 

I}ii«al...  X.  Y ' 8,Go3 

Dunkirk,  X.  Y ' 

Ki-ic,  I'a i         03.3        1 ,  32!) 

C'lcvclfiiiil,  Oliio {JO(i         |,()7(i 

Toli'do,  ( )lii() \ 

Detroit,  Mich ,      l,42.-2        2,222 

Milwaukii',  Wis 

Cliic(i;,'(.,  Ill I , 

St.  Louis  M(. I  10,049      14,049 


1840. 


1 8.30. 


I, 
20, 

IN, 


G(i.'> 
191 
213 


112 
071 
222 
102 
712 
470 
4G9 


12, 
3G, 
12, 


20.3 
403 
2()1 


17, 
3, 
21, 
20, 
29, 
77, 


S.38 
034 
829 
019 
OGl 
9G3 
8G0 


I SGO. 


IG,  81G 
48, 204 
81, 139 
.3,  G 1 .3 
9,419 
43,417 
13, 7G8 
4.3,  019 
4.'3,  2.34 
09, 2G3 
GO, 780 


Tabic  xhowipg  the  true  value  of  tJiv  renl  vxtate  im<1  prrsnnal  propirlii  (irainllna 
to  the  seventh  census,  18;30,  and  the  ris^hth  'emus,  18G0,  respect i'reli/. 


State's. 

lieal  and  jjcrsonal. 

Ileal  and  jK'Vfional. 

IndiaiiJi 

1 8 -jO. 
S202,  G.30,  2G4 
l,3(i,  2G.3,  00(i 
23,714,038 

ISGO. 

•s;328,  83r>,  371 

S71,8(;0,  282 

217,3.38,20.5 

;jl    :j->7   S9;3 

Illiiioi.-* 

Iowa 

Kan.xfi.s  * 

Minnesota* 

r,->   •->9I    11.'! 

3Iis.«ouri 

137,247,707 

.304,  72G,  120 

42,  0.3i;,  r)9.3 

.39,  787,  2.30 

•301,  214,398 

1 .  1  i)3,  898,  422 

273,G71,G68 

■>-,'/    \i\'i   ns3 

Oliio 

AYisc'ouriin 

^Ii('lii":an 

1,12G,  447,  r>8.3 

3,  9:37,  G04,  G97 

*X<>  returns  fur  1850. 


f- 


6  II.\I{IW)K    DKrr.NC  1>    ON    KAKKS    AMi    lilVKUS. 

Tlif  l'olli)\vili!X  tiiMf  slidus  tlir  |i..[)Mlatic>ii  ainl  urea  nl'  tin-  linltli- 
wc^t  in  l!<')0  aiTd  IsDO.  The  tal>lf  ..f  i.ni.ulalioii  in  1.^50  is  copied 
iVoiii  til.'  r..liiiKMi(liiilii  of  thr  I'liitrd  States  iTiisils  of  ISfH),  pago  40; 
ll„.  tal'l.'  nf  ai-.'as  I'n.iii  tlic  saiii.'  .lociiinoiits,  lia}J,'t!  .'Kl;  tlio  tal.lf  ot 
|M.iuilati(in  ill  IsdO  IVoiii  census  returns: 


StiUo, 


l'ii)iul.'ilii>ii  in 

l'ii)iu'iiiliiiii  in 

Ann,  ill  square 

Per  cent.  t>t 

1         iN^jn. 

iNin. 

miles. 

iuerease   in 

:i,  ;i:59,  rm) 

populutiiiii. 

I,  i>s(),  :i:.^0 

;J9,  96  4 

18.14 

i      9SS,  ik; 

l,:i.->o,  .I7i» 

Xl,  809 

3(i.t)3 

S.)  1,170 

i,7ii,7r>:j 

r>rj,  lo'j 

101.03 

:i!)7,0.Jl 

71i),  112 

fM,  2Vi 

88.38 

:J0.",,  :!0l 

77-n  S73 

r,:i,  9:i4 

l.^l.OO 

li):i,.vMJ 

(i7l,!)48 

r;0,  914 

■2r,i.u 

(J,  (177 

H;2,()22 

;j4,rj9i 

■2rA].-,.c>r, 

(i8-i.  Oil 

I7;i,:il7 

()7,  :iso 

.12 

107, 110 
:>s,  Sl-2 

1 14, 79« 

3:1';,  88:2 

.     .■,.  .ur.i,  ,v,i.> 

;i,  073.  or>o 

S  1:2,  910 

07.0 

Olii 

Iiiiliana 

illiuiiis 

.Miilii;ian     .... 
Wisenusin  .... 

Iowa 

^linuesota 

^[issduri 

Kansas , 

Neln-.Mska  ... 

'I'etal..., 

;-»,  J03,  r>9r, 

Increase  in  1 0  years 3,  M9,  4<)0 


Jt  is  estimutod  that  of  this  increase  1,329,000  is  the  natural  ni- 
erement;  the  balance.  :2,340,:5!)4,  by  eini-'ration— the  northwest 
lilliii.u'  up  with  the  hardy,  industrial  classes  coiniin^'  hither  from 
Europe  iind  the  older  States. 

Poiiulation  of  the  United  States  in  I80O.  23,191,870:  m  1800, 
31.429.891 — increase,  35. .")2  percent. 

The  increase  of  the  population  of  the  northwest  during-  the  last 
ten  vears  has  been  07.9  per  cent.,  while  the  ratio  of  increase  in  the 
whole  countrv  has  been  35. .52.  The  population  of  tlie  northwest  by 
census  of  1800  was  28.85  per  cent.,  or  nearly  one-third.  Of  the 
total  increase  in  the  population  of  the  country,  44.07  per  cent,  was 
in  the  northwe.st  alone.  An  increase  at  the  same  ratio  during  the 
])resent  decade  will  --ive  the  northwest  in  1870  a  population  of 
15,212.022— an  increase  of  0,139.507.  Massachusetts,  the  most 
densely  populated  of  all  the  States,  has  157.8  inhabitants  to  the 
square  mile.  A  like  densitv  of  population  in  the  northwest  would 
give  us  a  population  of  133. (111.  198.  A  density  of  population  equal 
to  that  of  I']ngland  (332  per  square  mile)  would  give  an  enumeration 
of  279,840,120. 


^«^-. 


.i«M^>»>i<».-.<^»' 


^Jsm;^ 


■*',**i  winait^- 


ii.McitDi;  1)i:fi;\(  ivs  n,\   i.akks  and  i.mvkhs.  7 

Tlic    fnllowiii-'   talilf   will    show    -cmiculiiil   nf  tin-   ailviiiici-  of   the 
iiortliwcst  ill  |p(iliticiil  power; 


Electoral  voti:.     Rcprtsi'iitiitivcH    l'o|.iiliii  vot  I'ur  I'lohident 
in  CoiifrrfHi*. 


Stiitog. 


1852.   18U4.   iSSl.  I  1861, 


18S3. 


18C0. 


Ohio 

Tiiiiian.'i  .  . 
!  iliiiois  ,  . . 
AIiciii;faii  . 
Wiscoii.iiii 
Iowa  .... 
Missouri. . 
]Miiiii(\soiii . 
Kansas . .  . 


11 
6 

r, 
4 
9 


•21 

21 

10 

'     .-(.W,  428 

4  1  J,  111 

i:; 

]| 

11 

is.'i,  i;ji 

•>',:>,  \V\ 

1.1 

!) 

l.-j 

1;3.>,  107 

;j.{0,  (io;t 

s 

4 

(> 

N2,  o;jo 

lo4,74!l 

s 

3 

(i 

(i4,7l2 

\r,i,  ISO 

7 

■■i 

.> 

\iy,H\r, 

12s,  j.n 

11 

1 

!» 

(\C),  ;J8<J 

i(;.j,  TjIs 

•  i 

] 

'*• 

.'i  J,  70'J 

1 


Total 


1 


S!) 
71 


Increase ]s 

Total  of  U.  States i 


71 

r>7 


022,  141   !  l.US!),  !)0:i 
'       0:2>,  111 


1  t 


7(J7,  7GI 


:.';54     \2:i?>     .'{,  12«,  .'{OS      .|,(J(;:.M7() 


'J'he  popiihu-  Vote  of  1S52  is  e(i|)itMl  I'roin  tlio  census  coinpeiidiiim, 
(1N.")0,)  p.  50;  that  of  ISOO,  from  the  census  returns.  Under  tho 
ohl  iipportionment  (1850)  the  nurtliwest  had  24.31  {)er  cent,  of  the 
inenihcrs  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  or  a  fraction  hjss  thanone- 
fourth.  Under  tlic  census  of  ISIJO  she  is  entithjd  to  30.47  per  cent., 
or  nearly  one-third.  At  the  presidential  election  of  1S52  the  north- 
west cast  2D.4G  per  cent,  of  the  po]niJ'  vote.  In  the  presidential 
election  of  1800  she  cast  30.24  per  ceni.  o\'  the  jjopular  vote — more 
tlian  one-third.  In  the  electoral  college  in  1800  the  northwest  cast 
23.14  per  cent,  of  the  vote  for  Tresident  and  Vice-President.  In 
1804-  she  will  cast  20.23  per  cent,  of  all  the  States,  if  ]iu  new  State  is 
admitted  in  the  mean  time. 

Tlie  followinsj:  table  shows  the  standin,i.'of  the  lonnj  States  in  respect 
to  politit-al  power  in  18.)2  and  1800  :  " 

1852.  18G0. 

Popular   vote  for  President  2,583,018         3,805.040 

Electoral  votes 205 

Under  the  new  census 210 

In  1852  the  northwest  cast  35.08  per  cent,  of  the  popular  vote  for 
President  in  the  loyal  States,  and  34.03  per  cent,  of  the  electoral 
vote.  In  1800  she  cast  44.4  per  cent,  of  the  popular  vote;  and  in 
1864  will  have  40.63  per  cent,  of  the  votes  of  the  loyal  States  in  the 
electoral  college. 


HARIIOR    I)I:fi:NCKS   on    LAKKS    and    IMVKRS. 

Cliiciij^'ti  liciiij;  (.lie  (.r  the  ((.iiiirKTciuI  coiitri-s  of  the  iK.rlliwi'st,  it 
i»  propi'i-  tliiit  soino  s|iiux'  slidiild  l.o  (levott-d  tr>  her  (•oiiiirierce. 

The  total  viilwe  i.f  imports  iit  Ciiiciinn  in  Isf)') SI'lC.OliO.OiM  (10 

Total  value  ol'  exports  from  ("hica>:o  in  Is'^fj lil'i.ft.j.'i^Olil   88 

•*40!),(ii;i.(iH(;  54 

The   value  ot'  imports  into   Chicago  in    iStlO,  as  per 

Hoard  of  Trade  loport,  was !*f»T,0<M.(;iG  89 

Value  of  exports  lor  same  periml 72,7  liJ.lloT  24 

Afcgro^atc  value  of  imports  and  exports  109,771. ')74   l;] 

The  value  of  the  imports  into  Chicago  in  ISfiS,  as 
rei)orted  by  Col.  Gr.dmm  (Senate  Doc,  part  ii,  pp. 
890,  891,  aCth  Congress,  1st  session,)  to  the  United 
States  government,  was ^q\\  032  'M\2  12 

Value  of  exports  for  same  period 81,052  420  05 

Aggregate  value  of  imports  and  exports 180,084,782  17 

The  apparent  deficiency  in  ISOO.  as  compared  with  1858,  is  doubt- 
less owing  to  the  fact  that  the  valuation  of  the  articles  is  placed 
higher  in  Colonel  Graham's  report  than  the  same  articles  are  valued 
by  the  Board  of  Trade  in  1800.  as  the  quantities  received  and  shipped 
in  the  latter  year  greatly  exceed,  in  most  I'ases.  those  of  1858. 

It  is  believed  that  the  valuation  of  receipts  and  shipments  in  18G1 
greatly  exceed  that  of  the  commerce  of  18(J0,  (although  the  (irioes 
of  produce  are  lower,)  inasmuch  as  the  rebellion  has' diverted  to 
Chicago^  an  immonse  trade  which  was  formerly  concentrated  at  St. 
Louis.  Cairo,  New  Orleans,  and  other  }ioints  on  "the  Mississi|)pi  river. 
The  following  table,  prepared  by  Seth  Catlin,  esq.,  secretarv  of 
the  Board  of  Trade,  shows  the  capacity  of  the  Chicago  elevating 
warehouses  for  handling  and  storing  grains,  November  15,  18G1. 

Capacity  for  storage,  bushels (!.  115,000 

Capacity  to  receive  and  ship  per  day.  bushels 735.000 

Capacity  to  ship  per  day,  bushels  •'- 2. 035. 000 

°Soe  CoUmel  Grnljam's  report. 


n/.i 

lift. 


Yift 


18.0 


18G( 


'^m: 


•*«»*»■"'■«  ■    •t^/K^^h'- 


HAUIlOIt    DKl'FA'CTM   ON    I.AK':.-    AMt    KIVKRM. 


9 


Tilfiltt  /'/ion  f/ir  luiiNil  III'  Tiftilr  llijioi/,  Jitiiiiaiil  1,  |S(;l,  n/nmiim  ihc  Ion- 
iiilgr  mill  idhidliiiii  of  tliv  rv.i.sfl.i  r/iuugnl  in  'lif  iinmnvrir  »/'  tin'  liikin  in 
lH5!t  mill  I'^GO. 


Yiar. 


18.0!) 


NuinliiT  and  li"-. 


AMKUH'AN'    lUflTtlMS. 


18G0 


(is  st('nlll(•r^<  . 

|N  |iivi|K'll('rs  , 

'i'l  lii;r^ 

I.'t  liark.-'. . . . 

(il  Itrijr-'-  •  - . 

s.'!."J  ,«('liiiiiii('rs. 


1,  l!ts. 


Ill  |)i'0])<'lli'r,x 

1 7  tuffs 

I ')  Imrks. . . . , 

11  lirijjs  . . .  . , 

JiiV  srliooiKTs. 


;jj.'i 


1,  I9S. 


?•'>  stcaiiicrK  . 
l!l()  ])r(i])(i]crs. 

•1 1  harks 

70  bi:i}^s .... 

813  PC'IlOOMTH. 


l,:il(i 


77  steamers  , 
'i'l  prfipellers 
2'i  barks.. . . 

10  In-i^'s 

2\.l  Hcliooiiers 


oGO. 
I,:il0. 


1,570. 


CANAm.W     lldT'ltlMS. 


A.MKUICAN     noTTdMS. 


CANAOIAN    HOl'TOMS. 


Tiiniuitre 


40,  :>4(i 

7,770 

!»,  (;oo 
I7;i,  .iov 


,'i-i:;,  i')(i 


\,  v.n 

•>,  !iril 

;j,  rill;', 
\i->,  198 


o<»,  o«i;{ 


'>(i 


47,  3.13 

57,  -no 

17,  f)r>9 

•i  1,505 

17^,  5-20 


Valimtinii. 


.'^I,77!t,  <M)(» 

450,  5(10 

4s->,  SOO 

45(i,  (SOO 

4, 37N, 000 


0,  ^ll,.->()0 


ONO,  a(JO 

I  10,  500 
1  Si,, SOO 

i;m,  ()(i(t 

7S,  400 
778, 300 


.•!05,  300 


0,  s|  I,  /()() 


310,503 


:l,  430,  840 

3,  :250,  300 

584,  540 

484,  :.'50 

5,  ;>33,  085 

11,!tO:j,  105 


25, 030 
7,289 
7,882 
3,  815 

31,702 


1 ,  490,  ()80 

407, 200 

r=;40,  480 

04,  380 

898, 5G0 


70, 717 
310,503 


3,  140,300 
11,002,  105 


303,  220 


15, 138,  495 


<■>*£,. 


10 


JlAliltoU    DKFENX'K.S    <).\    l^AKKS    ANJ)    lilVKR.^^. 


111.'  lullowiiiu-  i>  t'nuu  till'  ivpurt  ,,r  (Ik^  IJnanl  of  Trade  of  JJulValo  : 

UXITKD  STATKS  AMJ  CANADIAN'  TONNAOK. 

Slahmrnl  „f  //„■  liwiKiiiv  iif  th,  norf/nnslmi  l,ih;s  aiul   rirvr  St.  Linrrnirv   a 
rnmpdnl  Jn,m  the  M,n-ni<'  R,^l.sf,r  „f  thr  Boanl  „f  Lakv  Unihricriters  fo 


isill. 


IS 

for 


Dosciiption. 


No.        Tonnage. 


1.;.  >r.\Ti>  Tu.WAiiK. 

Stc;iiiicr.-i 

l'ni|H'll(rs 

Hjirks 

liH^s : : : : 

Sfl[ii(iiicrs 

Slddps 


71 

■It 

TO 

7sn 

10 


Valuo. 


10,  \2r>  ,  -SI,  i9:],  ;iO() 


is,  ;{.•{! 

•io,  (3i:{ 

i;  t,  oio 

34."; 


147,  .'JOG 

407,  (JOO 

4,  49(i,  800 

'),  7o0 


Avfiiij^i-   No.  of       Total 
tons.       men.        men. 


308 
410 
^04 

34 


ao 

12 
11 
10 

4 


1,  lift 

3,  640 

528 

770 

7.  800 

40 


Total 

«A.\Ai)i.\\  T(i\.\a(;f-; 


l.I(i(i      ;iO|).  (i;j-j        !),  147,  Soo    !  14,(M3 


Stc;|iiici-s    .  . 

l'rii|Mllcrs  . 
Harks  


l!ii-s  .  .  . 
Scluiiiiii  rs 
.Slootis  .  , 


Tntal. 


70 
21 
In 

k; 

200 


24,;T11 
1,74n 
li,  7S7 
4,  2.-,^ 

;iO,  88;> 
.•*n;; 


1,  n.J,  (500 

207, SOO 

ISO,  ;300 

!)3,  r>00 

7'>2,  100 

(5.  100 


•a  I 
220 
377 
2()0 
lo4 
•'>0 


2') 
20 
12 
11 
10 
1 


330        ',[..-,[).-,        2,  414,  (iOO 


1,  000 
420 
210 
170 

2,  000 

20 

3,  732 


Total  (if  Uiiiteil  .States  and  Canadian  tonnage: 


Number  of  ve.<sels  . . . 

Total  tonnag'e 

Total  value 

Whole  number  of  men 


1.502 

asi,i;]7 

SI  1,802,400 
18,375 


Tl„.  Tnited   States  toimage  exceeds  that  of  the  Canadian  as  follows: 


Hxcesv  ill  iniHiher  of  vessels 

Excess  ill  amount  of  tonuage    

Kxcoss  in  value     . s!T.0;];).2r)0 

rjX''ess  in  nuiuber  of  men  •  •  •  • 10  Oil 


830 

238, 1 27 


IIAUl'.OU    DKFKNCl'.S    ON    l.AKKS     AM)    KIVHKS. 


11 


BiHow  is  LiivL'U  till'  imiiilicr  of  Uiiiti'il  .States  and  Caiiadiiin  vessels 
now  buildiii}:,'  on  the  iiin-tlnvesterii  l;.!ce~  and  the  I'iver  St.  Lawrenee 
!it  the  present  time  : 

Xtimlnr  ij/' rr.s.sc/s  hiilldnt^j,,  Jtoi'niri/,  lMJ-2. 


n\ii. 


NiiMila-r.  'loimauL'. 


V'lilUf 


IMTKI)  STA'I'l'.S   VI'.SSi;i.S   mil.DlMi 


1 

,  ni> 

-': 

,640 

528 

770 

7 

,800 

40 

L4 

(M.3 

1 

900 

420 

2Ui 

17(J 

-. 

000 

20 

Stl'MlU   . 

I'rojM'lh 
Sail   ... 


Total 

(AN.AIH.W    VKSSKI.S   lini.KlM 


Steam 
Sail   .. 


Total. 


I'rcsful  ('anadiaii  ti)iinaj,'c 
Vcssils  Imildinj;- 


Total. 


3  ■              1.  :il()  Slli),  000 

22  ^,210  rj74.70O 

;i2  21.01!)  047,20."; 

rri  ;;(i,  O-V.t  i .  (J  lo.  do.'. 


'I'otal 

'I'otal  v.  States  and  Canadian 


Present  United  States  toimafre 
Vesstds  huildiui;' 


{)■> 


344 


410  2f5, 700 

040  130.  SOI) 


I.IO 


Hi.').  ;'iOO 


;;i.  4IM)         I,  soo,  4o-"> 


1 .  100  .309,  032  :       0,  447,  sr.O 

rn  :        30,  o.'»9  ;      i ,  oio,  wr, 
1,223         ;;io,  ■','.)]  I    1 1 ,  OSS.  7.')-'» 


33(3  7],r,0.-)  2,414,0(11) 

S  ;  ;!,  l.')0  I  Jli-l,  -lOO 


74.  9');')  2,  5S0,  100 


The  i'ollowin^'  talde.  copied  IVoui  Colonel  Graham's i-e[)()rt,  (Senate 
E.\.  Doe.  No.  H5.;!4tli  Congress,  3d  sessioii,p.  405.)  shows  the  value  of  the 
enumerated  articles  of  rnerehundise  and  agricultural  produce  received 
at  and  shipped  from  the  various  collectiou  districts,  ami  which  passed 
over  the  St.  Clair  Hats  during  the  year  185.5: 


12 


iiAunoii 


DEFENCES    US    LAKES    AND    IMV 


ERS. 


TAlJLi:. 


I'istricts. 


CJiic'iij'o 

^filwiuilii.. ...... 

'I'olcd,,* 

OIcv,.l,m(|+  ....'.''" 

Krio    I'm.,  (;;:>.:;., I  ,„„;;;;i); 

liiifiald 

O-WC^'d 

<  •plcusliiir:;'  .... 


I{ic(i\c(l, 


•    -SOI,  771,  717  !is 

II.  ()<;.-,,  o07  (IS 

'i7(;,  7()4  ;"i() 


Slii|ij)((l. 


■-^  S(i7,  407    10 

l!l.  .-200  GO 

0,  D  10   00 


*.'i  1 ,  fi:is,  .-,;io  <)J 
:n,  00.-,,  !i;j(;  ;.-, 


!',:.' 17.  S12  lo 

lU;.  !»;-,o  00 

/■(>,  5(iO,  000  00 


in,!MO,  .-,.1.-,   1(1 


i'-i9,2r,7,  I  GO  81 

llJ,9io,  .-,1.';  i(i 


■i'>l,  107.  70.-,  97 


,J;i  il":n;«',!;";'^i;r'^'",^r?^,;^"!^  "-■■■^"  "i^^-*  ™"...- 

Ihts  i„  1855,  m!;.  fVXv^-'i'j     '"''''  "'P't^il  n„.rest.,l    in  .^,.  Cl.,ir 

.-.S",:;^  t,7^5r;; '^.r;;;  ■:rsx";;n;;;  ?Sts  -f?^'^^  *-■ 

for  tlK.  lollowhig^'l'lls     "'     "  "PP'-opnatH,n  ol'  tl.o  a^ove  Hu.ount 
1.   Tlio  animal  amount  of  coramorro  -irKl   „,,•....  f  •  • 

»n"e    ,>ussa,,^o   ov.r   St.    Clair     1  t     ( m >      10'.     iKf    '"    '■'^"'•'"'>'   '^ 
alK.w.)  '  ^'  P*    *'^''-    ■*!"•    "ggregate  given 


Srn'Xs.r'"'^'-^'""'  "''*'•  ^"^    ""  «I5-«"0,000 


,.  ,  „  ,       , ...ipiumts  from 

(  1  Kit  Colonel  Graham's  report,  p. 


'IS'- 


HARliOl't    DKFKNCKS 


l>AKES    AM)    RIVERS. 


1  *■> 


2.  Tlic  importiiiice  of  iinpniviii^  tlio  cliaiinol  over  the  St.  Clair 
lliits  as  a  lU'cchsary  uk'nicnt  in  tlic  lailitarv  (let'eiice  of  our  national 
frontier,  (pp.  40!),  410.; 

Col.  Graham's  Report  (:\Iess.  anil  Dors..  18')0-'(;0.  part  .'!.)  ■j.ives 
tiie  following-  as  the  ag;j,'regate  imports  and  exports  l>i/ lukr  nl  the 
several  lake  ports  in  1858: 


Imports 
Kxportf 


$148, 77."). 2 1>  iU] 
1-J3.875.81:i  (!0 


Total  lake  commerce  (American)  in  1858  ••      272.(Jol.0.".l    2(! 


lair 


The  following  hhows  the  total  commerce  (by  lake,  vcaicl.  anil  rail- 
road j  of  the  various  hike  ports  in  1858: 

i»U>">'t^ $45(j,  149,4^2  id 

l'^Xl)orts ;j74_  !.-,(;  .y.yf,    -,4 

'J'"t=il 8;{0.30G.363  45 

TcJilc  of  (i</(jrefjafe  hnportu  and  exports  of  lake  ioH-ns  for  thr  ycor  1858, 
ronipi/cd  by  Colonel  Graham  (Senate  Doc,  Ut  sessi,,)!  3{',l/i  Cowi  ' 
2)p-  910— 10!)0.) 

f tucago S180, 084.782   17 

Waukegan  1,2()5.500  10 

•^'''"'J'*'''^ l,G3(;.L>f)5  05 

Racine 0,924,297   15 

Milwaukie 41,349,293  90 

Sheboygan 1,002,22G  00 

Manitowoc (jcjj  oijj.  ;^(j 

Michigan  City 5,f)G9!829  85 

New  JJuftalo 588,G09  30 

^f-  Joseph 803,054  30 

Grand  Haven 4,702,34G  4G 

Toledo G7.1G0.11G  91 

Sandusky 54.3G1. 144  10 

Cleveland lOG.  100,578  4G 

I^'"'^' 15.275,955  35 

^>»"kn-k 57,327,845  90 

Bullalo 202,019,298  82 

Oswego 34.G10,87G  G2 

Ogdensburg 21.547,450  50 

There  are  several  other  places  included  in  Colonel  Graham's  sta- 
tistics not  embraced  in  tin,,  above. 

Coh)nel  Graham's  report  (p.  128)  .states  that  the  losses  on  the 
western  lakes  m  1855  amounted  to  j<2, 800,000. 

The  report  of  New  York  Canal  Commissioner  Samuel  B.  Ruggles, 


Z- 


14 


JIARMoit    r)]:FEN(i:s    c.X    i^AlvKS    AM)    RIVERS. 


m  1N,J    cunrnnvd    u,    by  Ca„al    ("n.unnssinn..,-  Charlrs  II.   Sh.rrill 
(^.  \.  Ass.  Dnc.  IS.-,!.,  on    ,,aKC-  20.)   says  tliat  in    I,S.^3   tl.u  western 
co.n.neree  passu,-    fl.ruud.   tl,,-   Erie   canal    was   sl;'.(;.;^l,8  7;!4       o" 
pa-e  11    tin.  same   repnrt  says.    --The  pn-imrtion  (of  fn.vst  pnuluets) 
a  ready  ...ntnlM.led  l,v  Tana-Ia  an.l  the  west  irf  uL-  than   ine-third 
:    the  whole  amount  ul  t  „■  pruduets  of  the  forest  (ex,.ludin,'  urdin.rv. 
h no  wood;ean.n.d  on  all  rh.    .anak  inelndin^   even    the  Hanuph  in^ 
and  the    ratio    .s  .•onstan.ly  and   rapidly  inereasin^  in    lavor  of   th^ 
AM'st.         On    paso  22   otth.s  report   Mr.    Ru-.le,  says,   ••The   west 
IS  amon-  us    and  upo,.  ns.  in  lull  vi-or,  defyin-  all  thepowerof  party 
nh  ,e,ans    however  persevenn^^  to  shut  out  the  truth  that  within  the 
e.vt  twent^y  years  the    property  to   he   earried  throud.    this  State  to 

ot  doHars.  it  not  a  much  laip-r  sum."      Colonel  (Iraham  ui 
■   lahe  eiiiiimerce   exceeds 


that 


inipialiliedly 
is  111  value    our  foreip'ii  coin- 

Mc 


assert! 
merce 

The  Ibllowiu^-  extracts  from  [hnifs  Merehaufs  Ma^^i.me,  eon- 
•eled  to  be  one  oi  our  most  reliable  statistical  journals  of  the  country, 
may  be  interesting  :  '"".^r 

•'  Westward  movement  of  the  centre  of  poj„dafio>i,  commerce,  and  of  hi- 
dustriat  poiver  in  North  America. 

'•In  the  rapidly  developing  greatness  of  North  America,  it  is  in- 
teresting to  look  to  the  future,  and  speculate  on  the  most  probable 
points  ot  centralization  of  its  commerce  and  social  power.     IncludiiiL- 

n'iuniK"''^  p"'  "i  ^°'"'i"^'  "'•  ''"P«'-t'">t  part  of  its  commercial  com- 
mumt\  the  Canadas  and  contiguous  provinces,  the  centre  of  popula- 
tion white  and  black,  is  ;,  little  west  of  Pittsburg,  situated  at  the 
head  of  navigation  on  the  Ohio  river.  The  movement  of  this  centre 
IS  north  of  west,  about  in  the  .lirection  of  Chicago.  The  centre  of 
productive  power  cannot  be  ascertained  with  uny  degree  of  precision. 
Weknow  It  must  be  a  considerable  distance  east  and  north  of  the 

waid  Both  in  their  regular  progress  will  reach  Lake  Michigan.  Is 
It  not  then,  as  certain  as  anything  in  the  future  can  be,  that  the 
central  power  of  the  continent  will  move  to,  and  become  permanent 
.  Ih  t^  7"^  the  great  lakes?  Around  these  pure  waters  will 
g.ithei  the  densest  populations,  and  on  theii  borders  will  grow  up 
the  best  towns  and  cities.  *  *  *  #  % 

"It  can  scarcely  admit  of  a  doubt  that  the  .lomestic  commerce  of 
^orth  America  bears  a  proportion  as  large  as  twenty  to  one  of  its 
foreign  commerce.  -^ 

'•At  the  present  rate  of  increase  the  United  States  and  the  Cana- 

^i''J  •'  -ir  "■'  l"."'"  ^''!'  ^''"''  ''■'"  ''«"t'''"  «^'«'-  «"^'  hundred  and 
twenty  mil  ions  of  people.     If  we   suppose  one  hundred  and  five  mil- 

ons,  and  that  these  s  la  1  be  distributed  so  that  the  Pacific  States  s^  1 
h.ne  ten  millions  and  the  Atlantic  border  twenty-five  millions,  there 
AMll  he  left  for  the  great  interior  plain  seventy  millions.  These 
seventy  millions  will  have  twenty  times   as  much  commercial  inter- 


HAIiHOR    DKFEXCKS    ON    LAKKS    AN'L)    IflVKKS. 


15 


course  willi  ciifli  citlicr  fis  witli  all  tln'  world  licsidos.  It  is  olivious. 
tln'ii,  tliiit  tlicru  imist  be  Imilt  up  in  llu'ir  midst  tlic  uToat  city  ot'tlic 
continent:  iind  not  only  sn.  Init  tliat  they  will  sustain  several  cities 
^•reater  than  those  which  can  ho  snstaine<l  on  the  ocean  liordei'.'' 

The  counaerce  of  the  lakes  dnrin.L;-  the  )>ast  yinir  has,  in  conse(|nence 
of  the  blockade;  of  the  Mississijjpi,  Imiii  tar  jj;reatei'  than  any  jirevious 
year.  The  trade  and  coinnierci' of  llie  lakes  has  heeii  nu-asured  by 
the  njeans  of  trans[)ortation.  Every  railway  \vas  pressed  to  its 
utmost  capacity,  and  there  was  not  a  siuf^le  vessel  on  the  lakes  Imt 
was  in  service  carrying"  forward  the  products  of  the  northwest  tn  the 
seaboard.  The  receipts  of  papain  at  Chicago  alone  amount  to  the 
enormous  (piantity  of  r)4,0!).'5.'J10  liusliels.  In  bSGO  the  receipts 
were  ;-5(),504. 772  bushels.  The  increase  at  Milwaukie  and  other 
ports  lias  lieen  in  the  same  ratio. 

Accurate  statistics  of  the  ])resent  commerce  of  the  various  lake 
titwns  are  not  at  command  :  but  the  growth  of  Buffalo.  Rochester, 
Erie,  Cleveland,  Toledo,  Detroit,  Milwaukie,  and  Chicago,  are  all  in- 
dexes of  the  rapid  advance  of  lake  commerce  and  the  agriculture  of 
the  west,  and  in  the  aggregate  reach  a  magnitude  which  is  entitled 
to  the  most  favorable  consideration  of  Congress. 

Your  committee  have  given  but  a  very  imperfect  sketch  of  the 
wonderfully  rapid  growth  and  present  importance  of  the  northwest. 
It  abounds"  in  all  the  elements  of  a  great  and  prosperous  country.  It 
has  thus  far  been  the  great  agricultural  section,  but,  with  its  inex- 
haustible supi)lies  of  coal,  lumber,  and  metals,  it  will  ere  long  become 
a  great  manufacturing  country.  The  iron  and  copper  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior are  attracting  the  attention  of  the  world. 

Tiie  northwest  has  grown  by  the  energy  and  industry  of  its  own 
hardy,  free  people,  receiving  less  aid  from  the  federal  treasury  than 
any  other  section.  Its  harbors,  though  filled  with  a  connuerce  in 
corar)arison  with  which  that  of  the  now  rebel  ami  latelv  petted  and 
favored  seaboard  section  sinks  into  insignificance,  have  yet  been 
neglected,  because  the  water  on  which  that  commerce  floated  ivas 
frciili.    Its  defences  have  been  abandoned,  and  have  fallen  inti)  decay. 

As  compared  with  the  south,  the  northwest  has  literally  received 
nothing  I'rom  the  luitional  treasury. 

The  outh  has  had  navy  yards,  fortifications,  custom-houses,  and 
harbors,  costing  millions  of  dollars.  There  has  been  expended  on 
the  Gulf  of  ^Mexico  and  the  Florida  coasts  more  millions  of  dollars 
than  the  northern  frontier  has  received  thousands.  The  east,  too, 
has  had,  and  very  properlv;  fortifications,  forts,  armories,  navy  yards, 
depots,  arsenals,  and  ships.  The  northwest  asks  simply  justice,  but 
not  even  that  at  this  time.  In  the  midst  of  this  war  she  asks  only 
that  some  of  her  most  important  leading  and  exi)osed  points  lie  for- 
tified and  placed  in  a  condition  of  defence:  that  an  armory  and 
fbundery  be  established  on  the  lakes  to  enable  her  to  have  the  means 
of  arming  lier  citizen  soldiers,  and  that  navy  yards  be  established  so 
that  naval  stores  may  be  collected. 

The  committee  urge  these  dei'ouces  as  not  less  important  to  New 
England  and  the  great  middle  States  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania 


>i 


16 


HAKHOH    DKKENCES    0\    I.AKI 


•^   AM)   KIVKRS. 


liiii  to  the  iiort Invest   itself.      'J'l 


way  to    the   Atlaiitir  mIoii-    tl 


tl 

West  find  tlieii 

AViivs  ruiii!;ii,i;-  tlin)ii.,'li  tliese  .■>,„tes. 
N(>\v  y,,rk,  pnssossiiifT  the   IJu,|s, 
perhaps  tiie   most   important 
foiiMCM't  it  witli  the  1 


It'  vas 


t   f'^-ricuitural   pro(hict.> 


)!'  the 
le  ,L;reat  canals  ami  rail- 


'^"it   river,  (next    to  the  M 


tlie    N, 

N 


lUe 


'■iver  in   the    Union,)  1 


ississippi 


■\y  York   canals,  and   tl 


ver  lorty  millions  of  doll 


ii"<  expended   to 


ew 


-  or 


iv  the  commercial 


it^  K'"t'iit  Inkos,  jia 


"•s.     The  Hnd 


son. 


)roHp-lit  into  water 


melropniisof  the  n;it 


\'c   ma( 


ion. 


•-■   the   city  of 


f  the  Illinois  and  Mi(;l 


coiiinniiiieati,,n  with  all  the  int 


It  has  thus  I 


heeii   l.roiii^-ht  to  her 
ilncts  not  only  of  tl 

those  of  tl 


i^'aii  canal  and  the  Jl 


linoi 


wharves   and  warehouses  tl 


ic  vast  territ 


)00U 

orior.and  I.y  means 
•■^  river  there  have 
le 


i^'riciiltnral  pn 


0   valleys  of  the   M 


iiVurative  orator  of  New  En^'land   ((' 


•■tnrylyin-  around   the   lakes,  hut  al 
'■^**''^si|)pi  and    Missouri.     So   that   tl 


wlien  he  described  her  as  holdi 


((.'hoat 


c)  was  scarcelv  ext 


the  west,  wliil 


asrint 


0.  with  the  other,  \ 


".ii'  III  one   hand   the  vast 


sei 


enice  like,   -'she  wedded  tl 


10 

niva,ii,'ant 
commerce  of 


ic  over 


Pennsylvania   also  has,  I,v  her  canaK 
t  city  of  Philadelphia  with  tl 


i'rea 


am 


d  rail 


wav; 


i-itv  of  tl 


icse  waten 


protection  of  our  iu)rt 


Old  our  national 


lose  great    inland   se 


c(»iinec 


Tl 


tod  h 


er 


to  the  oast  as  to  tl 


lorn  Irontier,  are  quit 


supremacy  on   tl 


o   socu- 


lese 


:ake 


tl 


u> 


l>v  til 


10  west,  and  it  i.s  t 


as  1 


extent,  i^ 


0  governmenl  that   the  sh 


iiiio  that  the  fact 


niportaiit,  thorefon 


scarce 


ly  iiif 


lore   hue  of  the  lal< 


was  recognized 


trust  that  our  friends  of  tl 


orior  in  importance  to  the  Atlant 


^■■■^.  G,2ry{)  miles    in 


est  attained  its  majority  ami   that 


10  east  will  recognize  the  fact 


ic  coast. 


Nvith  the  cciisi 


IS  of  18G().      0,11 


''hen   asked  to  vote  for  del 


iretl 


Its  provincial  history  t< 


iron  of  the  e; 


We 

that   the 
'rminate( 


now  l)(!ariiig  to  the  oc 


onces   to  these  hikes,  that  th 


St  will  not  forc-et. 


th 


!■  mo: 


a  br 


mil 


oan  such  yast  products,  have  boon  tl 


1' 


ant  naval  triumphs  which  ado 


i"n  our  history 


ose  waters, 

10  scene  of 


r^'r^::i,'l-,-''|'r-"-"''i,„fioi,,"^'',,-,e 


<lag  and  our 


nationality  I 


M 


jlantly  the  soldiers  o"f  Illinois,   Ind 


lave  bei'ii  drawn  from  tl 


noo  of  the 


11111 


osota,   and  the  oti 


"iiiia,  Ohio,  Micl 


10  northwest. 


'attle-fiold  bears  its  test 


lor   nortlnvestern   rftat 


Ti 


inionv. 


OS   are 


ligan,  W 
fight 


fl 


.o\v 


iiu 


iscoiisin, 
over\- 


The  Atlant 


niinblichas  naturally  tl 


on  th 


''••  on  the  east,  the  1 


irce  groat  systems  of 


iia\ 


.'igabl 


OS  on  the  north,  and  the  Mif 


le  ^^o.,t.     hy  moans  ol  the  Xew  York  canals  and 
iHiigan  canal  these  are  all  united  by  wat 
It  may  not  be  out  of  place   in  this  com 


the  lUino 


o  waters. 


ppi 


SSI  SSI 


IS 


or  communication. 


and 


)ur  national  affairs,  t 


10X1011,  and  at  th 


liich  d<  dared  ''  that   tl 


o  recall  the  provisions  of  the  ord 


IS  crisis  in 


areiico. 


the  St.  L\\ 

ciimmon   liighways,  and"fbre\^r"'fvi^  ^f 


and  tl 


10  navigable  waters  of  the   M 


inauco  of  178 


ISSISSI 


ppi  and 


thereon, 
west  wil 


Ti 
ui; 


lis  gu 
n-  all 


10   carrying   places   between   thom!  sl'all'  b 
''"O'li  any  tax.  duty,  or 


value  and  importance  of  tl 
inagnilicont  on  the  globe,  have  I 


work  of  railw 


ays.  which 


impost 
south,  the  north- 
insist  upon.     The 
ommunications.  the  mo-^t 
)oen  immensely  increased  by  the  net- 


iirantee  of  a  free  outlet,  oast  and  'f 
circumstances  and  at  any  cost 


lose  vast  wat(!r  c 


'•ver    the    vast    inland,    brii 


extend  from  the  lak 


11' 


iiig  to    these    waters    tl 


OS  south  and  west,  all 


10    agricultural 


IFAKIiOK    nKKENTKS    ON    I,AKKS    AM)    IMVERS. 


17 


products  of  rnoiv  than  lialf  the  continent.  Chi.^.-o  aloiu.  has  no 
k-s8  than  thirteen  grea;  trunk  raihvavs  radiating'  tVnm  her  as  a  eoni- 
rnon  oontre,  and  bringinK  to  hor  .l.^rks  the  products  of  everv  farm 
between  the  hikes  and  the  Ruckv  mountains. 


r'LAX  OF    TiRFENCE. 

In  regard  to  the  general  plan  of  tlie  defences  nf  the  lakes  and 
northern  frontier,  the  committee  have  conferred  with  the  -eneral 
commanding  the  army  and  Brigadier  General  Totten,  of  the  eniri- 
neers  department,  and  have  adopted,  to  a  considerable  extent  their 
suggestions. 

We  respectfully  urge  uf)on  the  c(,nsideration  of  Congress  the  fol- 
lowing plan  ot  defences  of  the  northern  frontier' 

n,ii;'''"  '^'''.;;;:^^"^!';;''''"^«"t  of  ■■''^'■'  '^'^^'''''''  "f  «ome  commanding- 
positions.  Ihis  wdl  require  the  erection  of  seme  new  fortifications- 
and  the  repair  and  completion  of  some  alreadv  located 

bmml  Taking  into  considerati<»n  the  great  superioritv  in  the 
American  merchant  marine  on  the  upper  lakes  (meaninji  all  the 
lakes  above  the  Falls  of  Niagara)  in  ships,  steamers,  and  "tilors  we 
regard  our  supremacy  or  the  lakes  as  dependent  in  a  great  degree 

onshortnot.ee.  lo  this  end  the  committee  recommend  the  estab- 
lisliment  of  a  national  foundery  on  the  upper  lakes,  and  three  naval 
depots  one  on  Lake  Ontario,  one  on  Lake  Erie,  and  the  other  on 
Lake  Michigan. 

Third.  We  earnestly  recommend  for  militarv.  Tiot  less  than  com- 
mercial purposes,  the  improvement  of  the  harbors  on  the  lakes,  the 
dredging  out  and  widening  of  the  channel  over  the  St.  Clair  flats 

lourtL   The  enlargement  of  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal. 

In  regard  to  shore  defences. 

The  entrance  to  Lake  Superior  is  through  the  .Sault  Ste.  Marie  canal 
a  work  which  cost  about  two  millions  of  dollars,  and  it  is  too  impo  - 
tan     to  be   overlooked.      The   mineral  region   of  Lake  SuperT  s 
probably  richer  in  iron  and  copper  than  any  other  in  the  wirld    and 
he  iron  has  been  found  to  be  superior  in  qnalitv.  for  manv  purpo  es 
to  any  other  known.     These  mines  have  been  rapidly  developed   and 
now  constitute  a  most  important  national  interest.     Old  Po  t  Br-    v 
IS  represented  as  commanding  the  entrance  to  Lake  Superior   and  an 
appropriation  for  its  repair,  or  a  new  fort  more  eligib  y  situa  e     fo 
the  purpose,  is  recommended.  ^  -'i"area  loi 

A  military  road  from  Ikajde  Noqmt.  on  Green  bav,  to  Mar<,uette  or 

Home  0  her  point,  on  LaKe  Superior,  and  an  earlvJompletion  of  lie 

railroa.   from  App  eton  to  Lake  Superior,  would  afford  additiona   co  i- 

nunicafon  with  tin.  great  lake;  and  both  of  these  are  of  g  c  t  i    - 

portance  for  military  reasons,  and  are  earnestly  recommended  to  the 

avorable  consideration  of  Congress.     Probably  the  most  import  it 

strategic  place  on  the  lakes  is  the  Straits  of  Mackinaw.    This  straiTcon- 

H.  Rep.  Com,  23 2 


18 


HARBOU    DKFENClvS    ON    LAKES    AND    UIVERS. 


stitutes  the  door  to  Li.kc  M.dngan,  an.md  wlurh  lake  lie  the  States 
of  M.c  Mfia...  Inchana,  Illn.ois.  an.l  Wiscoiusin.  witl,  an  apKrcKato  o f 
poi.ulat.on  ainountinfr  to  noarly  live  millions.  0„  its  ,|,ores  are  the 
towns  o  (rand  Haven  Mnskepu,,  St.  J,.sepl,  Mud.i^an  City.  C  i- 
c-ag.>,  \^aukepu>  konosha,  Ha.M,...  Milwaukie,  and  (Jreon  Bay  wi  , 
many  ..hers  nsm^  rapidly  int..  in.,u.rtan.'e.  The  .•..mme.re'oV  this 
lake  wdl  e.xeeed  $200.000, 000  per  annnn,.  The  great  grana  y  of  1  e 
inion  has  its  .lepots  on  the  l.order  ..f  this  lake.     It  can  he  defem  ed 

wl.r  ^'^r!  rn  "1'"''''^:;''  '^'"  ^^''"^^  "^'  ^f-'l^i""--  ahout  three  miles 
wide.      Fort.heat.ons  at  the  Stra.ts  of  Ma.'kinaw  elose  the  opening  or 
nt  anee   into   tins   .,e:t    .nlan.l  sea.      When  the  yast  inteJests  t^hu 
seeuied  are  c.:.nsnlered    it  is  obvious  that  Lake  Miehigan.  and   all  its 
shores  and  cities,  should  be  defen.led  on  the  threshold  at  Ma.-kiiuuv 
Theimp.M-tanee  ..f    haying  a  great   inland  sea.  like  Lake  Michigan 
conyerted   mto  a  secure   harl,..r.    where  fleets  and   navies   ma>    1  k. 
gathered  ,n  security:  where  may  he  collected  magazines  ..farms  and 
munitions  an.l  provisions,  can  s.arcely  be  exaggerated.     Lake  Michi- 
uaii,  entirely  within  our  own   territory,  unapproachable  by  lan.l.  and 
inaccessible  by  ^yater  by  any  lore.gn  enemy,  except  through  a  nar- 
10  v  strait  or  entrance,  is  a  p..siti.,n  of  immen.se  importaucer  and  the 
policy  ot   closing   up  its  entrance  is  too  obvious  to  need  illustration. 
Mackinaw-  should  be  made  the  (iibraltar  of  the  upper  lakes 

Upon  the  importance  ot- this  locality  we  insert  the  following  extract 
from  a  communication  of  General  Totten  • 

T^enstbl,!''  '  T.  '^'''"if  I'  ''T;^''"  ^  •■""''^l"''  *^""  '-"^  Mackinaw  to  be  indis- 
IZ       ij  !    ''  ^^''^  .P/''"^'P'^J  watching  point  of  the  upper 

In.l"  ^^        I  "^''^^^"^^'^  ^^'1  '^"ll  to  refresh,  to  communicate  with 
each  other,  to  hnd  shelter,  to  lie  in  wait.  «S:c. 

''It  IS  har.Uy  to  be  supposed  that  a  hostile  naval  expedition  coming 
out  ol  Georgian  bay  would  yenture  towards  the  upper  lakes,  or  down 
Lake  Huron,  cc^iainli/  not  into  Lake  Michigan,  Avhile  this  point  of 
obseryation  and  rendezymis  is  occupied  by  our  superior  squadron. 
The  fort  here  mus  be  adequate  to  protect  this  anchorage,  and  the 
defences  of  the  island  should  be  such  as  to  defeat  any  enterprise 
designed  to  wrest  It  iromu.s  by  superior  force  ■' 

The  committee  are  clear  in  their  judgment  tliat,  in  view  of  the  vast 
jmportanceot  Mackinaw,  and  the  interests  there  to  be  defended  the 
.government  should  take  immediate  means  to  close  the  Straits  of  Mack- 
inaw against  the  entrance  of  any  hostile  fleet.  Fort  Gratiot  fullv 
commands  the  entrance  to  Lake  Huron,  and  should  be  immediately 
reconstructed  and  put  ,n  a  condition  to  control  tliis  gate  to  Lake 
Huron.  The  lower  entrance  to  the  straits  or  river  Detroit  from  Lake 
Erie  IS  already  well  guarded  by  Fort  Wayne.  This  should  be  com- 
pleted and  receive  its  armament.  The  report  of  General  Totten  in 
which  the  committee  concur,  recommends  additional  appropriations 
and  defences  at  Buf  alo,  to  wit  :  the  completion  of  Fort  Porter,  on  the 
bluftbetween  Buflalo  and  Black  Rock,  and  the  mounting  of  its  arma- 
ment, lor  the  protection  of  the  entrance  from  Lake  Erie  into  Niagara 
"J'L"'  ;}!'l^  ^  '^'  construction  of  a  tower  an.l  shore  batteries  at  the  mouth 
of  Buflalo  harbor  ;  also  an  appropriation  for  Fort  Niagara,  the  con- 


■"mw^ 


lIAI.MtoR    KEFKVCE.S    ON    LAKEH    AND    RIVKRS. 


If^ 


structioiK.f  .Icfensivo  works  at  the  inouth  cf  the  (ie,i..s..o  rivur    tiul 

he  repairs  of  Fort  Ontario  at  Osuv,.,  ;  .Is,,  a,,,,ropriationH  for  otl  e 

(leons.v.  works  o„  Lakes  Hrio  an.l  ( )ntario  and  the  river  St.  Lawre   , 'e 

and  lor  the  eonstrnet.on  of  Fort  Muntf^omery,  on  Lake  Ciia.nr.hdn: 

^;:.;;rn;i::;i^.:"' '-'"''  '""^  ^  -■■•^  '-^  ^^-«  -'^^-t--  >-' 

ft  will  l-e  ohserv..].  in  re^^ird  to  Lake  Ontario,  that  we  have  no 
aecess  to  that  lake  Ironithe  upper  lakes  ,.x<-ept  thronph  fnrei<:n  ter- 
ntorv;  onr  snpenor.ty  m  shippi^^^  therefore,  on  the"  upper  lakes, 
woul  1  be  unava.lu,-  on  Lake  Ontario.     It  is  therefore  important  that 

Hhould  he  made  for  secunn^^  and  n.aiutainin-  our  supren.aev  on  that 

on  [".k/   h  r""'')  '•^'^•^>""n^;>'.''  tl'«  estahlislunent  of  a  naval  depot 

on  Lake  Ontario  for  arms,  munitions,  and  naval  stores.  The  posses- 
sion of  this  lake  IS  of  the  utmost  importanee.  These  ^-reat  arteSs 
of  rade,  the  Erie  canal  and  New  Vnrk  Cental  railroad,  are  w  t  In 
.1  day  s  march  of  nearly  the  length  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  for  a  con- 
s  derable  distance  within  a  few  miles  of  its  shores.  The  imp,  am  e 
o  lake  defences  to  the  State  of  Neu-  York  has  alreadv  beer!  allXl 
to.  It  will  not  be  forgotten  that  in  the  war  of  1812  her  borders 
were  the  scene  of  bloody  battles,      lluffalo,  now  the  nueen    "       , f 

and  Lake  Champla.n  and  N.  „  river  the  scene  of  some  of  the 
most  stirring  events  of  the  wa.. 

We  should  j.ursue  no  aggressiv<.  policy;  ot,  the  contrary,  cultivat- 

ng  amicable  reh.tions   with  all   nations,   yet  at  the   sa.ue  time  we 

should  look  carefully  to  our  defences  '''Jue\\e 

vo^^wl'^^f ;"'"''  '"-^^  '"'^''  ■'^^'"^  "">•  "'^^'""  "^"Z  ^'^^  -^i^l  to 
Ito  I  -it  b  ;'";;e«'-"'  tempestuous  seasons,  when  it  fails  to 
s  lou  tiiat  it  has  siieltered  itself  on  the  verv  side  from  which  the 
stonn  may  possibly  come."     And  th.  President  of  the  Unite     States 

Z^'^:^T" '""';''  "'^'^  '-'--a  that  some  fii^fic;!;;: 

ami  depots  of  arms  aiul  munitions,  with  harbor  and  navigation 
Zwrof  :'!  r"-'-^->  P-t^  "P-n  our  great  rivers  and t;^ 
woi.hl  be  of  ^leat  importance  to  our  national  defence  and  preserva^ 


IL 

The  second  proposition,  in  regard  to  the  defences  of  the  northern 
frontier,  ^v  t/>e  esfabUshnmt  of  a  national  foundenj  on  ihe   JZl^es 

noiit>    of    the    American   lake   marine  over  that  of  Canada  on  the 
upper  lakes.     Li  ISGl  the  number  of  American  vessels  of  al    de  cHp! 

nority  was   hM.      Our    superiority  in  tonnage  was    238,12(3    tons. 
Our  superiority  in  sailors,  10.911.     This  sup'rioritv,  without  arras 
IS  unavailing,  and  would  only   invito  attack,  and  tlie  iumense  m^r^ 

gunboats.      Great  Britain  has  been   collect;  g  -.n  abundance  of  the 


20 


UMimn    DKl'KSVEH   ON    r.AKKS   AND    HIVKKs. 


"Nearly  .11   the  steam  vessels,  ami  umny  «.ilinff  v;Hse L    00^1    1" 
PO.S  »    a,„l   he  ,,rf|„„vil   t„  ..llkoi-  „„d  man  II,..   vi..,.,.|,  ,vl,  .1,     h^^ 

oot^r;:r ='.;::j  -i;'-;^:  ;S-:; -i'  .-.xr-,- 

^tenien      "r  n,S    !'  '"^V""'''''''  "^'^^' '^^  *''-   ^-n>>"und  ^  tin 
^ovLiimitnt.  tdluunsli  the  ordnance  neeosHary  to  arm   the  fortifif, 
t^onsnou- constructed,  or  in  the  process  of  coLtrnction      Th      o  n-' 
m.t  ee.  therefore,  earnestly  recon.nien.l  the  imn.e.liate  cstabl    hm     t 

^z^r^r''^ '  fr'  "^  ^-'^vXrerraft:!;;;.^:  ^h;:  ;j:^ 

3  the  g.eat  centre  of  the  region  to  be  supplied  with  arms   and  f'u  il- 
t^  H  lor  cheap  and  rapid  distribution  are  l.noquailcd.     Shi.       s  d    ^ W 

non  01  the  \se>t.     Ihirteen  great  trunk  railways  radiate  IVom  "her  .s 
gitaieM  rai\\a\  centres  on  the  continent.     She  can  obtain    hv  cl.,..,,, 

"dZ::;:;^^'*"-  ^r^'^^^r-  ^'-^'-^ «-  andmcS'Jrg^;^ 

<uui  espedaih    the   mcxhaustd.lo  ores   of  Lake   Superior    wloVl.    if 
nZ  L^a^  I-l-^<;''tl!e  government  to  devei;,!:'"  W  ih      "  e 

^:i^:^  Z^'  ',"  ''"•  •'"''r'"'^'"*  '^^'  ^''^^  ^■o'n-nittee.  con.bines 
moio  aa\antages  lor  the  location  than  anv  other  p,.int 

111  regard  to  the  necessity  of  a  manufa;t.)rv  of  ordnance    -is  nf  n.-i 

commil ulilti^ll^rG^ni;^;;^^^  "  '''  '''"^^""^  ^'"-^^  ^''-^  ^'- 

on  tiru,!J^1.i;;!^^';i?'l'v"*'  r^;  '^n'-"  ^^"^^  "'''^'-  '"^'-^'^^^"^  ^esselH 
be  nron  Hv  '•^'^^■^' ("^,^'  "'^'"0^  ^^^ke  Erie,  any  portion  of  which  may 
be  prom},tly  converted  into  war  vessels,  greatly  simnliHes  defer.s  ve 
arrangements  on  the  shores  of  these  lakes^  B„  t  'tl  i  '  snt ri  I^^^ 
may  be  assumed  with  the  requisite  K^omptitudl  bl^bre^hei^n":!^: 


'^*^m$i         f0*\r 


^M^m''^' 


HARBOR    OKFENCES    ON    LAKKS    AM)    RIVERH.  -Jl 

have  hoen  surprised  aii.i  .lostrov..,!  l.y  tl...  ourlin-   rr.i.li r 

Ac,  into  vossols  nf  war— that  is  to  siv    ..11  fl„.     ...  '^^y"  '"^t^ '>in(>is, 

plioH."  Ac.  '  iirinairu'iit  mid  its  siij). 

*        "       *'  *  *  *  #  ^  ^ 

tovvLs'Tr''!;"';"  r;""   "•' "'I^T^'^'"   proteoti.,,.  or  tl.is  natur.  thl 

^~^:>:i::>X:*^^^^^^^  -- 

11.0  .omin.ttee  ar.  ponnitted  to  ,,,„>fo  tl..  i'.llnuin-  parairrn,), 
from  a  conmiiinication  of  (Um'ral  M,('Mlu„  ■  P-'raKiapli 

'•  ri.e  a.-nH„Mlati.n  ofordna.,..  matonal  in  appropriate  loraliti.-s 
iH  hi'^hly  mipurfaiit,  and  moasuros  for  the  e.Mtaldi^  nn,„f     '    '''.""•; 

«eS'"     r"''-""^  '^"  ""'"'"'"*  seJvioe  of  tho   Lk:'    s  'te- 

sented  as  ot  priniarv  importance.  ' 

lliese  measures  are  of  the  more  importance   because  of  the  exist 
enee  ..I    treaty  stipuhitious  between     he   United   Ht^u^l   ■,,  T  r       I 
Bruau^  limiting  ar,ned  vessels  in  the  laL^     tL" n^^/'l  ,  [.^Id 
in  181.,  contains  the  foUou-in-  provisions  :  ^'  "X'tluded 

"Ihe  naval  force  to  Ite  maintained   upon  the   Am(>rican   l.L-,.  •   1„- 

"All  other  armed   vessels  on   these  lakes  shall   be  forthuifh  dis 
mantled    and  no  other  vessels  of  war  shall  be  bnilt.  '''" 

J' e'ther  parley  should  hereafter  be  desirous  oi  annullin- this  stinn 
lation    and  should  give  notice  to  that  effect  to  the  otl.e     Sl-tv    t         j 

Whether   this  treaty   in.'ludes   Lake   Michigan,    which   is   entirelv 

!«?ow/,  may  perhaps  admit  of  doubt.  tntiicl) 

Great  Britain  has.  by  means  of  her  Canadian  canals    facilities  for 

Tl.P  1  1  ^  '"  ''^  '"'  advantao-o  not  to  be  overlooked 

These  a<lvan  a,:;-es  can   only  be  equalized  bv  the   cnlaro-ement  of  tit 

L.  wr':  "''  ^^'ffr  """'•      ^'' ''^""'^'^  '^'---'l  the  n  ?^s  o    t    3  S 

Oi'u  is't  ?; V'  'T^^r^H  ''•'^'"^^-  St.  Lawi-ence  to  L,^ 
Unt.no  IM,  t^.et  Ion-  44^  teet.  beam,  and  9  feet  drauo-ht  The 
Welland  canal,  around  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  connecting  Lakes  Ontario 


**»\.. 


22  iiAi  H( 

and  Krit,  \9 


eFKNTKS    (t*    f.AKES    AND    HIVKRS. 


tai.iil.lu  ui   imi!>aillj|?  vi'MSfls  I4J  I','..,    Um^,  20  r..,.t   beam 
a.Hl  K    l*^<t  c(ra«Kht.     It  iH  unck.r<t.K„l  ,l,at  tl..  K.Mish  ,'nv.r„m"i 
K;:;^.     ^''^  """"'•"■  "*'^'""^=^-*^  '"P"!''^"  '"■  ^'^i-K  take.  tlMo.,,!. 
W^    .,.11^1  oouuxaixl  thu  outlet  ni  f.:,kr  llurM,,  „h,I  tlir  chtraiHu  into 

iHKt'  uatt  .  ;,  ||,r  ,ift|><?r  I.iI<vh.   and   l.v  tliesu 
tiiiii  (Mir  sii|i.Tiuii(v 


»u>  MIS  jiofnri-  and  inuin- 


III. 


brin'.  .  ;.dvanta^^.s^.n.u,n^'  out  of  the  Canadian  ranals 

bri,  ^s  u>  t(,  tlu.  roMsHl.'ratu.n  ul  tin-  in.purtanco  ..f  the  tnhr,,nnad  of 
tin  llhnuis  and  Muhujm,  rami  fnr  nnHlar,,  ,,><rj,nsc.s.  It  will  Im"  ob- 
nri";  "      7-^  '!-  '""''i''"-'  iV->  pU-i^.  vessels  of  war  In. 

t  laki.,  Gu'at  britain  a,n  acxuinulato -unboatn  at  her  i.loasuro  on 
tin"  St.  Lawreiur,  and  by  her  ranals  brin-  tluMn  int..  Lak.-  Krio.     We 

•i  ;  .     p"""'"^'^'*  authorized  the  State  ..i'  Illinois  to  open  u 

eanal  throu-h  the  public  landn  t,  eonneet  the  Illinois  river  with  Lake 
.ehi.an.      I„  1827  a  ,uantity  of  land  was  .ranted  to  the  State  of 
riljnois  h.r    he  purpose  of  aidiiiff  in  openin-  this  eanal. 

I  lie  work   was  surveyed  and  eoinineneed   in    18;!G.     It   lie-nn-  at 
^  hicagoand   runs  to  La  Salle    the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Illinois 

ieeder       Ihe  Avork  was  more  than  half  coniplrt-l  on  this  l,asis    but 
owing  tu  finaneiai  diDieulties  the  ori^-inal  plan  was  postponed,  ami 
was  cnipleted   m   IS-IS  on  the  high  ievc-1,  and  fed  bv\l.e  Ca      L 
Chica-o,  Desplane.  Kankakee,  and  Fox  rivers.  "  ^  """'^^' 

t' ,?•/  ^  /  '^^'■■'■""■'■''I'l"  ;"•  ""•'^"'•y  ''"^^  foni.nereial  purp..ses  !,  tin'  ,,rmt 
ma  of  the  a.jr.  J,,  dleet,  comniereially,  it  turns  the  Missis.ii.pi  into 
Lake  .Michigan,  and  makes  an  outlet  for  the  great   lakes  at  \ew  Or- 

tuo  g  cat   systems  ot   water  communications  of  our  conntrv      Tlio 

g.eat   akes  an.:  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  the  canals  connecting  the  hikes 

t     the  ocean  on  the  east;  and  the  Mississippi   and   Missouri,  u^th 

V  st  c^H,  1  ,r"?%""  ^'"  r'^  ""^'  '"^'^''-  '^''''^  communication  so 
va^t  tan  J,e  elfected  at  small  expense,  and  with  ,  i  Ion-  delav.  It  is 
b«    carrying  out  the  plan  of  Nature.     A  great  river  rivalling-  the  S 

^r  bv'Il '"  nr  ""  "'  ""  f '^1^^  ^'"^'  ""^  '"^'••''"•^^•'1 1'-om  Lal^  Michi: 
gan,   b3  tne  Illinois,  into  the  Mississippi.     Its  banks,  its  currents    its 

islands  and   deposits  can  still   be  easily  traced,  and   it  onlv  needs  a 

deepening  of     lu-  nrcsent  channel   foi^  a  few  luiles  to  reopen    t  nag 

nificent  nver  Iron.  '  .da-  Michigan  i o  the  Mississippi.  '  ^ 

lad  this  ship  c-vi.    ]^..c>«   open,  its  cost  would  have  been  nea  -ly  or 

he  exj.cnd.tnres  oh  ih.  .....ippi.  The  gunboats  fc.r  thl  Missis- 
sippi  expeditions  .oukI    ..va  been  rta-lily  and  cheaply  obtained  at 


tt»,aiA*^->'*V^^:~' 


►•'■••- 


«•#       5C?^u- 


IIARHOR    nKFKNCKH    (1\    LVKIS    AM.    RIVERS. 


23 


nvors,  an.l  tl...  o,|,n-  lor  ,ho  .lefonoo  of  tin    |ak...  vo„  „.,.,  mak  •  o, " 
•>«•     nnsun-   l,o,|.   purpose.,    an    ...M-o.sity    ,„uv   r;.,,uir..;         .,"    I 

kMoat  lak..,san.l  11,,.   M>.>HSMppi  an.l   its   tril,utari..s  o,,  either  ...  anv- 
XV  ...re,  a.  ocniHoi,  in.sht  requiro.     Tl...  oponinj;'  of  this  canal  wonld 

ion.  tl  .  Athw.tu.  j.vcM,  tl,..  n...ans  ..f  ,l..f..n,Ii„;;-  tl...  lakes  an-l  riv.-rs 
';,!1  I    !"''"'"  r  KV"'',  '*"«'»-''^v•  t'xpen.lo.l  luanv  millions.,,.  Ikm' 
'mf^'"^  "r  >'*l""l  fi'lvantaKi.s  at  far  l.'ss  n.st. 

:;;?:■:..';:',:,';■;;■,. -" '>  "■' • > ..rr,.,„rr';,:^-. 

.    Tl...  impn.venR.nt  nf  tl.o  harkirs  of  tl...  f^r.^at  lak.'s  an.l  tl...  ui,|..n- 

mK  a,wl  .lo.-pen.ng  .,f  the  ..l.annei  a..n,Hs  tl^  St.  Clair  Hats    re    ... 

""':.;;;;     '"T"'^  ■-I--tan..e,  ».,.   less  for  n.ilitary  than  ...Mnn.o;. 

.1   .ca>..n>.     ^„  gj-ea     .•onimercn.l   interest   in  the  worl.l  has  ever 

Krown  so  rapi.lly  a.i.l  with  s.,  little  en.-ourag..n,..nt  .mi  th,.  ,  •,'„(•]  . 

an;;;;;;;  the  VS. 'rv''^'''  '■''"'"""•'•"•,  '•'•''  --tr.ie/hj;;;':,"!.! , 

1         ll  :     .,       '^■'''■''   "   """'■''  "'^^'"""'   i"  it."^  c;l.a..a,.t,.,..  and 

Nh.d.  b,.t  aAvaits  the  return  of  pea.-e  and  pn.speritv  of  ,i,e  c.;n,.t  v 

to  receive  tie  att.'ntion  of  0.,n-r..ss.  '^  ">    M.e  L.)nntr\ 

..ttn-  ;'lT'"l'p*  ^'"  "l•i'^'^'^Ii•^^i■"^i|•l•i.  the  c..nu.,itte..  .h.sir..  to  call  the 

ina.i,     naiai.  li,   1,M,1,  for    the    .•..nstrnotion  .,f   a  niilitarv  i.ost   in  ..i- 
near      e  valley  ..f  the  '-Re.!  River  of  the  N.,rth,"  ..r  so  Inn!  r  ho  c 
..^  i...^l  t  1...  .lee,.,e.l   necessary  by  the  Secretary  .,f  War.     Tl...  Ir nj 

M.e  01  In.ntier  between  Hritish  N.,rtl.  Ameri..a  an.l  the  Stat.        Mi  ' 
ne  Ota  ,s  without  protection  by  .ai,.  goven.n.ent.  while  Gn.at     ri  a   , 

|a.stn.,  h.rts:  ..ne  on  the   n.>rth    slmre  of  Luke  Superior    (F..rt  Wi 
ban.,)  another  ,Fort  Gary;  on  the  "Red  River  of  the  N  il  abo   t 

fifty  miles  n.,rtl.  of  the  international  line.     In  view  of  the    ■  L't      uid 

W    ."n  tins    ronti.r  will    receive    the  ..arlv  attenti,,,.  .,f   the 

.^^ll.'I^ETt::  ^'■"^''-  '"    '''   ■*"'*'^'"^"^  ''   ^'-    •■-"""^^■-  it    i^ 
I'he  Kivat  interests  which  your  c.niuiittee  ask  Con-ress  t..  pn,t..ct 
are  peculiar  lu  their  position  and  in   their  relations  ?,>  the  re   nblie 
The  northwest  is  nM.     It  has.  as  its  great  channels  of  co„W ii  N 
oa    .u,  to  the  ocean,  the  great  rivers  St.  Lawrence  and  Miss^  " 
and  the  canals  and  railways  connecting  the  lakes  and  the  ocean       It 
am  never  onsent  to  becn.e  is.,late.l  from  either  of  these  gi^tou 
lets     no   f.m..gn   territory   m..f  rcr  intcrveue   between    it   and    the 
.uoutl,  of  the   Mississippi.      Wi,I,   ..ne   hand  it  .lasp     the  e         •  id 


<i¥* 


24 


HARBOR    DEFENCES    C)\    LAKES    AND    RIVERS. 


™Jtv;hlM;r,^*Sw;l';;;';,;;;f;;;'?;;'>  '*  -f" »?  !>-  "'cod 

All  of  which  is  respertfiilly  siibmittt-d. 

li^AAC  X.  ARXOIJ).       ' 
.lAMES  M.  ASHLEY. 
.TXO.   W.   XOELL. 
CYIIUJ-:  ALDKICH. 
ELIJAH  IJABBITT. 
AV.  A.   WHEELER. 
E.  G.  SPAULDING. 
February  IC,  18G2.  ^^-  ^-  ^^R^^^^^ER. 


#  • 


>«Mwataaltl 


